Improved sanitary and WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) conditions in highly populated areas, reduced pollution of the natural environment, lakes and rivers due to improper disposal of sewage waste.

Reduced cases of poisoning and diarrhea arising from drinking dirty water, reduced spread of water-transferred diseases like cholera and typhoid fever

Improved access to clean water and affordable sanitary services, increased quality of life and wellbeing of unserved areas

Disinfection byproducts from applying a chemical water filtration method may contaminate the environment.(21)

The lifecycle of a new water purification system may affect the environment negatively, so precautionary measures should be taken during the project planning and execution phase.(22)

A potential risk posed by the micro-organisms present in wastewater (e.g. Escherichia and salmonella, which can get into sewage sludge and survive for months) should be addressed.(23)

Provide safe sanitation and water options to low income communities in urban areas.

3rd National Development Plan (NDPIII): This plan contains the Human Capital Development Programme, which aims to increase productivity of the population for increased competitiveness and better quality of life for all. One of its expected results is to improve access to safe and clean water and sanitation.(8)

Strategic Investment Plan for the Water and Environment Sector 2018-2030: This plan defines funding requirements to meet national 2030 targets for the sector, and presents investment plans and models. It introduces indicators reflecting unit gaps to achieving 2030 targets; one of the gaps is 47.6 million people requiring improved sanitation (assuming constant population growth rate of 3.05%).(9)

Water and Environment Sector Development Plan 2015/16 - 2019/20: This plan aims to increase access to improved sanitation in rural areas and to improve urban sanitation and hygiene services. It provides a sectoral analysis including state of rural water supply and sanitation services and urban water supply infrastructure and sewerage services.(10)

Health Sector Development Plan 2015/16 - 2019/20: This plan aims at strengthening intersectoral collaborations and partnerships to effectively implement the environmental health and sanitation program area. It identifies promoting improved hygiene and sanitation at the household level and in public places as a major intervention to address the key determinants of health.(11)

According to an investor operating in the sector, a major challenge is that regulations and policies are not properly enforced.(40)

Fiscal incentives: If procured locally, inputs for construction (such as pipes) attract only local taxes.(34) Water treatment effluent plants are exempt from all taxes under the 5th schedule of the East African Community Customs Management Act 2004.(35)

Other incentives: Although the restrictions on technology transfer and repatriation of funds by foreign investors have been abolished, a minimum value for foreign direct investment (USD 250 000) and a minimum value for portfolio investment (yet-to-be-specified) have been introduced.(39)

National Water and Sewerage Corporation Act: This Act confirms continuation of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation as the public utility company responsible for water supply and sewerage services provision in Uganda.(13)

Water (Waste Discharge) Regulations: These regulations establish standards for effluent and waste as well as their discharge.(14)

National Environment (Standards for Discharge of Effluent into Water or on Land) Regulations: These regulations introduce standards for effluent and imposes a general obligation to mitigate pollution.(15)

Water Act 1997: This Act facilitates devolving water supply and sewerage undertakings, and regulates the water supply and sewerage sector, including constructing sewerage works, private sewers and related matters.(16)

Public Health Act: This Act regulates provision of public sewers and sewage disposal works, establishes and regulates a right to connect to public sewers, and regulates provision of drainage and latrines for new and existing buildings and related matters.(17)

Goshen Company (u) Ltd, Neriah Sewerage Disposal and Firewood Supplier Ltd, Karf Aqua Engineering Solutions Ltd, Veolia Water Technologies Uganda, Davis and Shirtliff International Ltd

Ministry of Water and Environment, National Environment Management Authority, National Water and Sewerage Corporation

World Bank, European Investment Bank (EIB), African Development Bank (AfDB), KfW, United Nations Human Settlement Program (UN Habitat)

United States Agency for International Development (USAID), German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ), IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Agence Française de Développement (AFD)

Countrywide, with a special focus on small and medium towns and urban centers, which are not served by the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), as well as large urban centers currently unserved and in need of sewage and associated services.(33) The lowest sanitation coverage (5%-46%) is observed in Buvuma, Karenga, Kaabong, Kotido, Moroto, Napak, Nabilatuk and Amudat Subregions (40).

Countrywide, with a special focus on small and medium towns and urban centers, which are not served by the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), as well as large urban centers currently unserved and in need of sewage and associated services.(33) The lowest sanitation coverage (5%-46%) is observed in Buvuma, Karenga, Kaabong, Kotido, Moroto, Napak, Nabilatuk and Amudat Subregions (40).

Countrywide, with a special focus on small and medium towns and urban centers, which are not served by the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), as well as large urban centers currently unserved and in need of sewage and associated services.(33) The lowest sanitation coverage (5%-46%) is observed in Buvuma, Karenga, Kaabong, Kotido, Moroto, Napak, Nabilatuk and Amudat Subregions (40).